Amateka yo gupfa.

Ingero za mbere zerekana gupfa ziterwa no guterwa igitutu - bitandukanye no guterwa ningutu ya rukuruzi - byabaye hagati ya 1800. Patent yahawe Sturges mu 1849 kubera imashini ya mbere ikoreshwa nintoki zo gucapa ubwoko. Inzira yagarukiye gusa ku bwoko bwa printer mu myaka 20 yakurikiyeho, ariko iterambere ryizindi shusho ryatangiye kwiyongera ahagana mu mpera z'ikinyejana. Kugeza mu 1892, ubucuruzi bwarimo ibice bya fonografi na rejiseri, kandi umusaruro mwinshi wibice byinshi watangiye mu ntangiriro ya 1900.

Amavuta ya mbere yo gupfunyika amavuta yari ibice bitandukanye bya tin na gurş, ariko imikoreshereze yabyo yagabanutse hashyizweho amavuta ya zinc na aluminiyumu mu 1914. Magnesium hamwe n’umuringa w’umuringa byahise bikurikiraho, kandi mu myaka ya za 1930, ibyinshi mu bigezweho bigezweho bikoreshwa muri iki gihe byabaye irahari.

Igikorwa cyo guta imfu cyahindutse kuva muburyo bwambere bwo gutera inshinge nkeya muburyo bwa tekinike harimo no gutera umuvuduko ukabije - ku mbaraga zirenga ibiro 4500 kuri santimetero kare - gukanda no gukata igice gikomeye. Izi nzira zigezweho zirashobora gutanga ubunyangamugayo buhanitse, hafi ya net-shusho ya casting hamwe nubuso bwiza burangiye.